转载自: http://www.computer.org/portal/site/ieeecs/menuitem.c5efb9b8ade9096b8a9ca0108bcd45f3/index.jsp?&pName=ieeecs_level1&path=ieeecs/publications/author&file=ACMtaxonomy.xml&xsl=generic.xsl& Top-Level Categories for the ACM Taxonomy General Literature Hardware Computer Systems Organization Software/Software Engineering Data Theory of Computation Mathematics of Computing Information Technology and Systems Computing Methodologies Computer Applications Computing Milieux Detailed taxonomy structure General Literature General Biographies/Autobiographies Conference Proceedings General Literary Works Introductory and Survey Reference Miscellaneous Hardware General Control Structures and Microprogramming General Control Design Styles Hardwired control Microprogrammed logic arrays Writable control store Control Structure Performance Analysis and Design Aids Automatic synthesis Formal models Simulation Control Structure Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance Diagnostics Error-checking Redundant design Test generation Microprogram Design Aids Firmware engineering Languages and compilers Machine-independent microcode generation Optimization Verification Microcode Applications Direct data manipulation Firmware support of operating systems/instruction sets Instruction set interpretation Peripheral control Special-purpose Miscellaneous Emerging technologies Arithmetic and Logic Structures General Design Styles Calculator Parallel Pipeline Multiple valued logic Performance Analysis and Design Aids Simulation Verification Worst-case analysis Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance Diagnostics Error-checking Redundant design Test generation High-Speed Arithmetic Algorithms Cost/performance Miscellaneous Memory Structures General Semiconductor Memories DRAM ROM SRAM Design Styles Associative memories Cache memories Interleaved memories Mass storage Primary memory Sequential-access memory Shared memory Virtual memory Performance Analysis and Design Aids Formal models Simulation Worst-case analysis Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance Diagnostics Error-checking Redundant design Test generation Miscellaneous I/O and Data Communications General Data Communications Devices Processors Receivers Transmitters Input/Output Devices Channels and controllers Data terminals and printers Image display Voice Interconnections (Subsystems) Asynchronous/synchronous operation Fiber optics Interfaces Parallel I/O Physical structures Topology Web technologies Wireless systems Performance Analysis and Design Aids Formal models Simulation Verification Worst-case analysis Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance Built-in tests Diagnostics Error-checking Hardware reliability Redundant design Test generation Miscellaneous Register-Transfer-Level Implementation General Design Arithmetic and logic units Control design Data-path design Memory design Styles Design Aids Automatic synthesis Hardware description languages Optimization Simulation Verification Reliability and Testing Built-in tests Error-checking Redundant design Test generation Testability Miscellaneous Logic Design General Design Styles Cellular arrays and automata Combinational logic Logic arrays Memory control and access Memory used as logic Parallel circuits Sequential circuits Reliability and Testing Built-in tests Error-checking Redundant design Test generation Testability Design Aids Automatic synthesis Hardware description languages Optimization Simulation Switching theory Verification Miscellaneous Integrated Circuits General Types and Design Styles Advanced technologies Algorithms implemented in hardware Gate arrays Input/output circuits Memory technologies Microprocessors and microcomputers Network connectivity chips Standard cells VLSI Design Aids Graphics Layout Placement and routing Simulation Verification Reliability and Testing Built-in tests Error-checking Fault injection Redundant design Test generation Testability Miscellaneous Performance and Reliability General Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance Performance Analysis and Design Aids Miscellaneous Power Management Low-power design Energy-aware systems Miscellaneous Design management Computer Systems Organization General Emerging technologies Hardware/software interfaces Instruction set design Modeling of computer architecture System architectures, integration and modeling Systems specification methodology Processor Architectures General Single Data Stream Architectures MISD processors Pipeline processors RISC/CISC, VLIW architectures SISD processors Von Neumann architectures Multiple Data Stream Architectures (Multiprocessors) Array and vector processors Associative processors Connection machines Interconnection architectures Load balancing and task assignment MIMD processors Parallel processors Pipeline processors TC scheduling and synchronization SIMD processors Other Architecture Styles Adaptable architectures Analog computers Capability architectures Cellular architecture Dataflow architectures Heterogeneous (hybrid) systems High-level language architectures Multithreaded processors Neural nets Neurocomputers Pipeline processors Stack-oriented processors Parallel Architectures Distributed architectures Mobile processors Real-time distributed Scheduling and task partitioning Miscellaneous Analog computers Hybrid systems Communication/Networking and Information Technology General Architecture Data communications Emerging technologies Infrastructure protection Interprocessor communications Network-level security and protection OSI reference model Standards Network Architecture and Design ATM Centralized networks Circuit-switching networks Distributed networks Frame relay networks ISDN Network communications Network topology Packet-switching networks Store and forward networks Wireless communication Network Protocols Applications Protocol architecture Protocol verification Routing protocols Network Operations Network management Network monitoring Public networks Distributed Systems Client/server Distributed applications Distributed databases Network operating systems Local-Area Networks Access schemes Buses Ethernet High-speed Internet Token rings Internetworking Bridges Gateways Multicast Protocols Routers Standards Wide-area networks CATV Optical fiber Sensor networks Telephony Wireless Mobile Computing Algorithm/protocol design and analysis Architectures Mobile communication systems Mobile environments Support services Miscellaneous Special-Purpose and Application-Based Systems Application studies resulting in better multiple-processor systems Microprocessor/microcomputer applications Process control systems Real-time and embedded systems Reconfigurable hardware Signal processing systems Smartcards Ubiquitous computing Performance of Systems Design studies Fault tolerance Measurement techniques Modeling techniques Performance attributes Reliability, availability, and serviceability Measurement, evaluation, modeling, simulation of multiple-processor systems Computer System Implementation General Large and Medium ("Mainframe") Super (very large) computers Minicomputers Microcomputers Microprocessors Personal computers Portable devices Workstations VLSI Systems Impact of VLSI on system design Servers Web server Web browser Multiprocessor Systems Wearable Computers Miscellaneous Software/Software Engineering General Programming Techniques General Applicative (Functional) Programming Automatic Programming Concurrent Programming Sequential Programming Object-Oriented Programming Logic Programming Visual Programming Distributed programming Miscellaneous Software Engineering General Protection mechanisms Software psychology Software engineering for Internet projects Standards Surveys of historical development of one particular area Requirements/Specifications Analysis Elicitation methods Languages Management Methodologies Process Specification Tools Validation Design Tools and Techniques CASE Decision tables Distributed/Internet based software engineering tools and techniques Modules and interfaces Programmer workbench Coding Tools and Techniques Object-oriented programming Pretty printers Program editors Reentrant code Standards Structured programming Top-down programming Software/Program Verification Assertion checkers, assertion languages, performance Class invariants Correctness proofs Formal methods Model checking Programming by contract Reliability Statistical methods Validation Testing and Debugging Code inspections and walkthroughs Debugging aids Diagnostics Distributed debugging Dumps Error handling and recovery Monitors Reliability Symbolic execution Test levels Testing strategies Test design Test coverage of code Test coverage of specifications Test execution Test documentation Test management Testing tools Tracing Usability testing Programming Environments/Construction Tools Environments for multiple-processor systems Graphical environments Integrated environments Interactive environments Programmer workbench Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement Conversion from sequential to parallel forms Corrections Documentation Enhancement Evolving Internet applications Extensibility Maintainability Maintenance management Maintenance measurement Maintenance planning Maintenance process Portability Restructuring, reverse engineering, and reengineering Version control Metrics/Measurement Complexity measures Performance measures Process metrics Product metrics Software science Management Copyrights Cost estimation Enactment Initiation and scope definition Organizational management and coordination Planning Postclosure activities Productivity Programming teams Project close out Project control & modeling Review and evaluation Risk management Schedule and organizational issues Software acquisition Time estimation Design Design concepts Design notations and documentation Representation State diagrams Evolutionary prototyping Methodologies Object-oriented design methods Quality analysis and evaluation Rapid prototyping Representation Software Architectures Data abstraction Domain-specific architectures Information hiding Languages Patterns Interoperability Data mapping Distributed objects Interface definition languages Reusable Software Domain engineering Reusable libraries Reuse models Human Factors in Software Design User interfaces Software and System Safety Configuration Management Configuration auditing Configuration control Configuration identification Configuration management process Configuration status accounting Software release management and delivery Software Construction Construction planning Code design Code tuning Data design and management Error processing Source code organization Code documentation Construction QA Programming paradigms System integration and implementation Software Engineering Process Life cycle Process infrastructure Process measurement Process definition Software process models Qualitative process analysis Process implementation and change Software Quality/SQA Quality concepts Planning for SQA and V&V Methods for SQA and V&V Measurement applied to SQA and V&V Miscellaneous Software libraries System issues Programming Languages General Standards Formal Definitions and Theory Semantics Syntax Language Classifications Applicative (functional) languages Componentware Compression technologies Concurrent, distributed, and parallel languages Constraint and logic languages Dataflow languages Design languages Development tools Extensible languages Java Macro and assembly languages Microprogramming languages Multiparadigm languages Nondeterministic languages Nonprocedural languages Object-oriented languages Query languages Scripting languages Specialized application languages Very high-level languages Language Constructs and Features Abstract data types Classes and objects Concurrent programming structures Constraints Control structures Coroutines Data types and structures Distributed objects, components, containers Dynamic storage management Frameworks Inheritance Input/output Modules, packages Patterns Polymorphism Procedures, functions, and subroutines Recursion Processors Code generation Compilers Debuggers Incremental compilers Interpreters Memory management Optimization Parsing Preprocessors Retargetable compilers Runtime environments Translator writing systems and compile Miscellaneous Operating Systems General Process Management Concurrency Deadlocks Multiprocessing/multiprogramming/multitasking Mutual exclusion Scheduling Synchronization Threads Storage Management Allocation/deallocation strategies Distributed memories Garbage collection Main memory Secondary storage Segmentation Storage hierarchies Swapping Virtual memory File Systems Management Access methods Directory structures Distributed file systems File organization Maintenance Communications Management Buffering Input/output Message sending Network communication Terminal management Reliability Backup procedures Checkpoint/restart Disconnected operation Fault-tolerance High availability Verification Security and Privacy Protection Access controls Authentication Cryptographic controls Information flow controls Invasive software Security kernels Verification Organization and Design Batch processing systems Distributed systems Hierarchical design Interactive systems Real-time systems and embedded systems Parallel systems Performance Measurements Modeling and prediction Monitors Operational analysis Queuing theory Simulation Stochastic analysis Systems Programs and Utilities Command and control languages Linkers Loaders Window managers Support for Adaptation Application-aware adaptation Application-transparent adaptation Fidelity, agility, and stability Low-bandwidth operation Transcoding Miscellaneous Data General Data communications aspects Data dependencies Data encryption File organization Knowledge and data engineering tools and techniques System applications and experience Data Structures Arrays Distributed data structures Distributed file systems Graphs and networks Lists, stacks, and queues Records Tables Trees Data Storage Representations Composite structures Contiguous representations Hash-table representations Linked representations Object representation Primitive data items Data Encryption Code breaking DES Public key cryptosystems Standards Coding and Information Theory Data compaction and compression Error control codes Normal models of communication Nonsecret encoding schemes Files Backup/recovery Optimization Organization/structure Sorting/searching Miscellaneous Theory of Computation General Computation by Abstract Devices General Models of Computation Automata Bounded-action devices Computability theory Relations between models Self-modifying machines Unbounded-action devices Modes of Computation Alternation and nondeterminism Interactive and reactive computation Online computation Parallelism and concurrency Probabilistic computation Relations among modes Relativized computation Complexity Measures and Classes Complexity hierarchies Machine-independent complexity Reducibility and completeness Relations among complexity classes Relations among complexity measures Miscellaneous Analysis of Algorithms and Problem Complexity General Numerical Algorithms and Problems Computation of transforms Computations in finite fields Computations on matrices Computations on polynomials Number-theoretic computations Nonnumerical Algorithms and Problems Complexity of proof procedures Computations on discrete structures Geometrical problems and computations Pattern matching Routing and layout Sequencing and scheduling Sorting and searching Miscellaneous Logics and Meanings of Programs General Specifying and Verifying and Reasoning about Programs Assertions Invariants Logics of programs Mechanical verification Pre- and post-conditions Specification techniques Semantics of Programming Languages Algebraic approaches to semantics Denotational semantics Operational semantics Partial evaluation Process models Program analysis Studies of Program Constructs Control primitives Functional constructs Object-oriented constructs Program and recursion schemes Type structure Miscellaneous Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages General Mathematical Logic Computability theory Computational logic Lambda calculus and related systems Logic and constraint programming Mechanical theorem proving Modal logic Model theory Proof theory Recursive function theory Set theory Temporal logic Grammars and Other Rewriting Systems Decision problems Grammar types Parallel rewriting systems Parsing Thue systems Formal Languages Algebraic language theory Classes defined by grammars or automata Classes defined by resource-bounded automata Decision problems Operations on languages Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Mathematics of Computing General Numerical Analysis General Computer arithmetic Conditioning and ill-conditioning Error analysis Interval arithmetic Multiple precision arithmetic Numerical algorithms Parallel algorithms Stability and instability Interpolation Difference formulas Extrapolation Interpolation formulas Smoothing Spline and piecewise polynomial interpolation Approximation Approximation of surfaces and contours Chebyshev approximation and theory Elementary function approximation Fast Fourier transforms Least squares approximation Linear approximation Minimax approximation and algorithms Nonlinear approximation Rational approximation Special function approximations Spline and piecewise polynomial approximation Wavelets and fractals Numerical Linear Algebra Conditioning Determinants Eigenvalues and eigenvectors Error analysis Linear systems Matrix inversion Pseudoinverses Singular value decomposition Sparse, structured, and very large systems Quadrature and Numerical Differentiation Adaptive and iterative quadrature Automatic differentiation Equal interval integration Error analysis Finite difference methods Gaussian quadrature Iterative methods Multidimensional (multiple) quadrature Roots of Nonlinear Equations Continuation (homotopy) methods Convergence Error analysis Iterative methods Polynomials, methods for Systems of equations Optimization Constrained optimization Convex programming Global optimization Gradient methods Inter programming Least squares methods Linear programming Nonlinear programming Quadratic programming methods Simulated annealing Stochastic programming Unconstrained optimization Ordinary Differential Equations Boundary value problems Chaotic systems Convergence and stability Differential-algebraic equations Error analysis Finite difference methods Initial value problems Multistep and multivalue methods One-step (single step) methods Stiff equations Partial Differential Equations Domain decomposition methods Elliptic equations Finite difference methods Finite element methods Finite volume methods Hyperbolic equations Inverse problems Iterative solution techniques Method of lines Multigrid and multilevel methods Parabolic equations Spectral methods Integral Equations Delay equations Fredholm equation Intro-differential equations Volterra equations Applications Miscellaneous Discrete Mathematics General Combinatorics Combinatorial algorithms Counting problems Generating functions Permutations and combinations Recurrences and difference equations Graph Theory Graph algorithms Graph labeling Hypergraphs Network problems Path and circuit problems Trees Applications Miscellaneous Probability and Statistics Contingency table analysis Correlation and regression analysis Distribution functions Experimental design Markov processes Multivariate statistics Nonparametric statistics Probabilistic algorithms Queuing theory Random number generation Reliability and life testing Renewal theory Robust regression Statistical computing Statistical software Stochastic processes Survival analysis Time series analysis Mathematical Software Algorithm design and analysis Certification and testing Documentation Efficiency Parallel and vector implementations Portability Reliability and robustness User interfaces Verification Miscellaneous Queuing theory Information Technology and Systems General Infrastructure Protection Models and Principles General Systems and Information Theory General systems theory Information theory Value of information User/Machine Systems Human factors Human-centered computing Human information processing Software psychology Miscellaneous Database Management General Security, integrity, and protection Database design, modeling and management Query design and implementation languages Logical Design Data models Database architectures Database integration Database models Normal forms Schema and subschema Physical Design Access methods Deadlock avoidance Indexing methods Physical database design prototypes Recovery and restart Languages Data description languages Data manipulation languages Database (persistent) programming languages Database semantics Query languages Report writers Systems Active databases Buffer management Concurrency Distributed databases Multimedia databases Object-oriented databases Parallel databases Query processing Relational database Rule-based databases Spatial databases Statistical databases Temporal databases Textual databases Transaction processing Workflow management Heterogeneous Databases Data translation Program translation Database Machines Database Administration Data dictionary/directory Data warehouse and repository Logging and recovery Security, integrity, and protection Database Applications Bioinformatics (genome or protein) databases Clustering, classification, and association rules Data and knowledge visualization Data mining Feature extraction or construction Knowledge management applications Image databases Interactive data exploration and discovery Mining methods and algorithms Modeling structured, textual and multimedia data Personalization Text mining Web mining Scientific databases Spatial databases and GIS Statistical databases Miscellaneous Information Storage and Retrieval General Web Search Context Analysis and Indexing Abstracting methods Dictionaries Indexing methods Linguistic processing Thesauruses Information Storage Document/file management File organization Record classification Storage/repositories Information Search and Retrieval Clustering Information filtering Internet search Metadata Query formulation Relevance feedback Retrieval models Search process Selection process Systems and Software Current awareness systems Distributed systems Information networks Performance evaluation Question-answering systems User profiles and alert services Online Information Services Commercial services Data sharing DOM HTML/DHTML CSS Web-based services XML/XSL/RDF Library Automation Large text archives Digital Libraries Collection Dissemination Standards Systems issues User issues Miscellaneous Information Technology and Systems Applications General Office Automation Desktop publishing Equipment Groupware Spreadsheets Time management Word processing Workflow management Types of Systems Decision support Logistics Communications Applications Bulletin boards Computer conferencing, teleconferencing, and videoconferencing Electronic mail Information browsers Videotex Miscellaneous Information Interfaces and Representation (HCI) General Multimedia Information Systems Animations Artificial, augmented, and virtual realities Audio input/output Evaluation/methodology Hypertext navigation and maps Image/video retrieval Video User Interfaces Auditory (non-speech) feedback Benchmarking Design for wearability Ergonomics Evaluation/methodology Graphical user interfaces Haptic I/O Input devices and strategies Interaction styles Natural language Prototyping Screen design Standardization Style guides Theory and methods Training, help, and documentation User-centered design User interface management systems Vision I/O Voice I/O Windowing systems Group and Organization Interfaces Asynchronous interaction Collaborative computing Computer-supported cooperative work Evaluation/methodology Organizational design Synchronous interaction Theory and models Web-based interaction Hypertext/Hypermedia Architectures Navigation Theory User issues Sound and Music Computing Methodologies and techniques Modeling Signal analysis, synthesis, and processing Systems Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Computing Methodologies General Symbolic and algebraic manipulation General Expressions and Their Representation Representations Simplification of expressions Algorithms Algebraic algorithms Algorithms for data and knowledge management Analysis of algorithms Nonalgebraic algorithms Performance evaluation of algorithms and systems Languages and Systems Evaluation strategies Nonprocedural languages Special-purpose algebraic systems Special-purpose hardware Substitution mechanisms Applications Miscellaneous Artificial Intelligence General Cognitive simulation Philosophical foundations Applications and Expert Knowledge-Intensive Systems Cartography Computer vision Decision support Education Environment Games and infotainment Industrial automation Law Mathematics Medicine and science Military Natural language interfaces Office automation Space Transportation Automatic Programming Automatic analysis of algorithms Program modification Program synthesis Program transformation Program verification Deduction and Theorem Proving and Knowledge Processing Answer/reason extraction Constraint-based processing Deduction Inference engines Logic processing Logic programming Mathematical induction Metatheory Nonmonotonic reasoning and belief revision Resolution Rule-based processing Uncertainty, "fuzzy," and probabilistic reasoning Knowledge Representation Formalisms and Methods Agent communication languages Distributed representations Frames and scripts Knowledge base management Knowledge base verification Modal logic Predicate logic Relation systems Representation languages Representations (procedural and rule-based) Semantic networks Storage mechanisms Temporal logic Programming Languages and Software Expert and knowledge-intensive system tools and techniques Learning Analogies Concept learning Connectionism and neural nets Heuristics design Induction Knowledge acquisition Machine learning Language acquisition Parameter learning Natural Language Processing Discourse Language generation Language models Language parsing and understanding Language summarization Machine translation Speech recognition and synthesis Text analysis Web text analysis Problem Solving, Control Methods, and Search Backtracking Constraint satisfaction Control theory Dynamic programming Graph and tree search strategies Heuristic methods Plan execution, formation, and generation Scheduling Robotics Autonomous vehicles Biorobotics Commercial robots and applications Kinematics and dynamics Manipulators Nanorobots Neuromorphic computing Operator interfaces Propelling mechanisms Sensors Workcell organization and planning Vision Vision and Scene Understanding 3D/stereo scene analysis Architecture and control structures Intensity, color, photometry, and thresholding Modeling and recovery of physical attributes Motion Perceptual reasoning Representations, data structures, and transforms Shape Texture Video analysis Distributed Artificial Intelligence Coherence and coordination Intelligent agents Languages and structures Multiagent systems Intelligent Web Services and Semantic Web Intelligent Web service languages Internet reasoning services Ontology design Ontology languages Knowledge Management Knowledge acquisition Knowledge engineering methodologies Knowledge life cycles Knowledge maintenance Knowledge modeling Knowledge personalization and customization Knowledge publishing Knowledge retrieval Knowledge reuse Knowledge valuation Miscellaneous Adaptive hypermedia Computational neuroscience Evolutionary computing and genetic algorithms Wearable AI Computer Graphics General Hardware Architecture Graphics processors Hardcopy devices Input devices Parallel processing Raster display devices Storage devices Three-dimensional displays Vector display devices Graphics Systems Distributed/network graphics Remote systems Stand-alone systems Picture/Image Generation Antialiasing Bitmap and frame buffer operations Digitizing and scanning Display algorithms Image-based rendering Line and curve generation Viewing algorithms Graphics Utilities Application packages Device drivers Graphics editors Graphics packages Meta files Paint systems Picture description languages Software support Virtual device interfaces Computational Geometry and Object Modeling Boundary representations Constructive solid geometry Curve, surface, solid, and object representations Geometric algorithms, languages, and systems Hierarchy and geometric transformations Modeling packages Modeling from video Object hierarchies Physically based modeling Splines Methodology and Techniques Device independence Ergonomics Graphics data structures and data types Interaction techniques Languages Standards Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism Animation Color, shading, shadowing, and texture Fractals Hidden line/surface removal Radiosity Raytracing Virtual reality Visible line/surface algorithms Applications Miscellaneous Image Processing and Computer Vision General Image displays Image processing software Digitization and Image Capture Camera calibration Imaging geometry Quantization Radiometry Reflectance Sampling Scanning Compression (Coding) Approximate methods Exact coding Model-based coding MP-4 and MP-7 Video coding Enhancement Filtering Geometric correction Grayscale manipulation Registration Sharpening and deblurring Smoothing Restoration Inverse filtering Kalman filtering Pseudoinverse restoration Wiener filtering Reconstruction Series expansion methods Summation methods Transform methods Segmentation Edge and feature detection Graph-theoretic methods Markov random fields Pixel classification Region growing, partitioning Relaxation Stochastic methods Feature Measurement Feature representation Invariants Moments Projections Size and shape Texture Scene Analysis Color Depth cues Image models Motion Object recognition Photometry Range data Sensor fusion Shading Shape Stereo Surface fitting Time-varying imagery Tracking Applications Image Representation Hierarchical Morphological Multidimensional Statistical Volumetric Miscellaneous Pattern Recognition General Models Deterministic Fuzzy set Geometric Neural nets Statistical Structural Syntactic Design Methodology Classifier design and evaluation Feature evaluation and selection Pattern analysis Clustering Algorithms Similarity measures Applications Arts Computer vision Computational models of vision Face and gesture recognition Government Handwriting analysis Industry Medicine Military Remote sensing Robotics Sciences Signal processing Text processing Waveform analysis Implementation Interactive systems Real-time systems Special architectures Miscellaneous Simulation, Modeling, and Visualization General Simulation Theory Model classification Systems theory Types of simulation Simulation Languages Applications Model Validation and Analysis Model Development Modeling methodologies Simulation Output Analysis Simulation Support Systems Environments Types of Simulation Animation Combined Continuous Discrete event Distributed Gaming Monte Carlo Parallel Visual Visualization Applications Flow visualization Information visualization Multivariate visualization Visual programming and program visualization Visualization systems and software Visualization techniques and methodologies Volume visualization Miscellaneous Document and Text Processing General Document and Text Editing Document management Languages Spelling Version control Document Preparation Desktop publishing Format and notation Hypertext/hypermedia Index generation Languages and systems Markup languages Multi/mixed media Photocomposition/typesetting Scripting languages Standards Index Generation Electronic Publishing Document Capture Document analysis Document indexing Graphics recognition and interpretation Optical character recognition Scanning Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Computer Applications General Administrative Data Processing Business Education Financial Government Law Manufacturing Marketing Military Physical Sciences and Engineering Aerospace Archaeology Astronomy Chemistr......(长度超过部分未显示)...
公告板 | NOTICE BOARD
|
内容版权所有，转载请标明出处。 |
)文章分类 | CATEGORY
最近文章 | RECENT POSTS
最近回复 | RECENT COMMENTS
留言板 | MESSAGE BOARD
blog名称:World Wide Web Watch
日志总数:193
评论数量:665
留言数量:75
访问次数:6081353
建立时间:2004年10月30日
日志总数:193
评论数量:665
留言数量:75
访问次数:6081353
建立时间:2004年10月30日
